http://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&feed=atom&action=historyComposite Breeding - Revision history2024-03-29T07:43:59ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.2http://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=2323&oldid=prevBgolden at 17:38, 12 April 20212021-04-12T17:38:53Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Selection and Mating]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, the uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation.<ref name="ritchie">Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley, and D. Hawkins. 1999, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702.</ref> Disadvantages include the potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit.<ref name="ritchie" /> Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, the uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation.<ref name="ritchie">Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley, and D. Hawkins. 1999, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702.</ref> Disadvantages include the potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit.<ref name="ritchie" /> Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bgoldenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=2242&oldid=prevMnielsen: /* Citations */2020-12-13T17:01:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Citations</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:01, 13 December 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main advantage of composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two-breed composite, 50% versus eight-breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993<ref>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207</ref>). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n = # of breeds used]. Thus, a four-breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis [(4-1)/4 = .75 or 75%]. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four-breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to the effective population size when the composite was created. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main advantage of composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two-breed composite, 50% versus eight-breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993<ref>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207</ref>). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n = # of breeds used]. Thus, a four-breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis [(4-1)/4 = .75 or 75%]. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four-breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to the effective population size when the composite was created. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Citations</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">References</ins>==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Mnielsenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1838&oldid=prevMnielsen at 21:40, 10 December 20192019-12-10T21:40:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Retained Heterosis==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Retained Heterosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main advantage of composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two breed composite, 50% versus eight breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993<ref>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207</ref>). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n = # of breeds used]. Thus, a four breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis [(4-1)/4 = .75 or 75%]. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four-breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to the effective population size when the composite was created. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main advantage of composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>breed composite, 50% versus eight<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993<ref>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207</ref>). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n = # of breeds used]. Thus, a four<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis [(4-1)/4 = .75 or 75%]. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four-breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to the effective population size when the composite was created. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Citations==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Citations==</div></td></tr>
</table>Mnielsenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1504&oldid=prevPdoyle at 14:32, 10 November 20192019-11-10T14:32:17Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:32, 10 November 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Richie et al</del>., 1999<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Ritchie et al, 1999)</del>. Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="ritchie">Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and D. Hawkins. </ins>1999<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref> </ins> Disadvantages include <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="ritchie" /> </ins> Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Establishment<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins>Establishment<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Planning composite breeding takes time. The selection of the appropriate breeds is the critical step. Composite breeding takes advantage of breed complementarity, managing genetic antagonisms while taking advantage of retained heterosis. Environmental resources and market specifications require consideration in the development of composite breeding.<ref name="ritchie" /> The development of a composite breed requires a large female foundation (500 or more females) and 25 or more sires per generation to establish an effective population size once the composite stabilizes (three generations of inter se mating, within closed population mating). An effective population size is paramount to avoid the loss of heterosis in future generations due to inbreeding. Composite breeding will fail without careful selection of breed types but also sires and replacement heifers within subsequent inter se matings. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Many of the first composite breeds developed were British cattle crossed with Brahman (Bos indicus) breeding to match subtropical production environments. Examples include Beefmaster, Brangus, Braford, Charbray, and Santa Gertrudis. Other composite lines of cattle have focused on British cattle crossed with Continental breeds to address genetic antagonisms for carcass traits such as yield versus marbling.<ref name="ritchie" /> Where feed resources may be limiting, a higher percentage British breed composite may excel, but where feed is not a limiting factor, a higher percentage Continental composite may fit.<ref name="ritchie" /> Examples of composite lines of cattle of British:Continental breeding include SimAngus, MARC II, Stabilizer, and Balancer. Breed associations with performance programs, including EPDs, exist for many composite breeds. The future is bright for composites in the genetic prediction arena with new advances in genome technology.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Planning the </del>composite breeding <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">takes time. Selection of the appropriate breeds </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the critical step. Composite breeding takes advantage of breed complementarity, managing genetic antagonisms while taking advantage of </del>retained heterosis. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Environmental resources and market specifications require consideration </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">development of </del>composite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">breeding </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ritchie </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1999)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The development of a composite breed requires a large female foundation (500 or more females) and 25 or more sires per generation to establish an effective population size once </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">composite stabilizes (three generations of inter se mating, within closed population mating</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Effective population size </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">paramount to avoid </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loss </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">heterosis </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">future generations due to inbreeding. Composite breeding will fail without careful selection of breed types but also sires and replacement heifers within subsequent inter se matings. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Retained Heterosis==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Many of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first </del>composite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">breeds developed were British cattle crossed with Brahman </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bos indicus</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">breeding to match subtropical production environments</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Examples include Beefmaster</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brangus, Braford, Charbray, and Santa Gertrudis. Other </del>composite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lines </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cattle have focused on British cattle crossed with Continental breeds to address genetic antagonisms for carcass traits such as yield versus marbling </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ritchie et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1999)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Where feed resources may be limiting</del>, a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">higher percentage British </del>breed composite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may excel, but where feed is not a limiting factor, a higher percentage Continental composite may fit (Ritchie et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1999). Examples </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">composite lines of cattle of British:Continental breeding include SimAngus, MARC II, Stabilizer, and Balancer</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Breed associations with performance programs, including EPDs, exist for many composite breeds</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The future is bright for composites in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">genetic prediction arena with new advances in genome technology</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The main advantage of </ins>composite breeding is retained heterosis <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(hybrid vigor)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The more breeds </ins>in the composite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then the more retained heterosis possible </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two breed composite, 50% versus eight breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1993<ref>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Composite breeds – What does </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207</ref></ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a simple function of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">number </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">breeds </ins>in the composite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">n-1</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/n, where n = # of breeds used]</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thus</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a four breed </ins>composite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has the potential to retain 75% </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the maximum possible heterosis [</ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4-1)/4 = </ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">75 or 75%]</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assuming equal breed contribution</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">using </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four-</ins>breed composite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">translates to an estimated 17</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5% increase in pounds </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">calf weaned per cow exposed</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This relates back to the effective population size when </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">composite was created</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Retained Heterosis'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Citations==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The main advantage to composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two breed composite, 50% versus eight breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n </del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"># of breeds used]. Thus, a four breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis [(4-1)/4 </del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.75 or 75%]. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four-breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to effective population size when the composite was created. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''References'''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><!--</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley, and D. Hawkins. 1999, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley, and D. Hawkins. 1999, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">--></ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Pdoylehttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1450&oldid=prevMnielsen at 12:56, 31 October 20192019-10-31T12:56:59Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14" >Line 14:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gregory, K., L.V. Cundiff, and R. M. Koch. 1993. Composite breeds – What does the research tell us? Range Beef Cow Symposium. 207.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley, and D. Hawkins. 1999, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ritchie, H., B.D. Banks, D. Buskirk, J. Crowley, and D. Hawkins. 1999, June. Development and use of composite breeds: A summary. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2702.</div></td></tr>
</table>Mnielsenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1449&oldid=prevMnielsen at 12:56, 31 October 20192019-10-31T12:56:33Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5" >Line 5:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Planning the composite breeding takes time. Selection of the appropriate breeds is the critical step. Composite breeding takes advantage of breed complementarity, managing genetic antagonisms while taking advantage of retained heterosis. Environmental resources and market specifications require consideration in the development of composite breeding (Ritchie et al., 1999). The development of a composite breed requires a large female foundation (500 or more females) and 25 or more sires per generation to establish an effective population size once the composite stabilizes (three generations of inter se mating, within closed population mating). Effective population size is paramount to avoid the loss of heterosis in future generations due to inbreeding. Composite breeding will fail without careful selection of breed types but also sires and replacement heifers within subsequent inter se matings. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Planning the composite breeding takes time. Selection of the appropriate breeds is the critical step. Composite breeding takes advantage of breed complementarity, managing genetic antagonisms while taking advantage of retained heterosis. Environmental resources and market specifications require consideration in the development of composite breeding (Ritchie et al., 1999). The development of a composite breed requires a large female foundation (500 or more females) and 25 or more sires per generation to establish an effective population size once the composite stabilizes (three generations of inter se mating, within closed population mating). Effective population size is paramount to avoid the loss of heterosis in future generations due to inbreeding. Composite breeding will fail without careful selection of breed types but also sires and replacement heifers within subsequent inter se matings. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many of the first composite breeds developed were British cattle crossed with Brahman (Bos indicus) breeding to match subtropical production environments. Examples include Beefmaster, Brangus, Braford, Charbray, and Santa Gertrudis <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to name a few</del>. Other composite lines of cattle have focused on British cattle crossed with Continental breeds to address genetic antagonisms for carcass traits such as yield versus marbling (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Richie </del>et al., 1999). Where feed resources may be limiting, a higher percentage British breed composite may excel, but where feed is not a limiting factor, a higher percentage Continental composite may fit (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Richie </del>et al., 1999). Examples of composite lines of cattle of British:Continental breeding include SimAngus, MARC II, Stabilizer, and Balancer. Breed associations with performance programs, including EPDs, exist for many composite breeds. The future is bright for composites in the genetic prediction arena with new advances in genome technology.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many of the first composite breeds developed were British cattle crossed with Brahman (Bos indicus) breeding to match subtropical production environments. Examples include Beefmaster, Brangus, Braford, Charbray, and Santa Gertrudis. Other composite lines of cattle have focused on British cattle crossed with Continental breeds to address genetic antagonisms for carcass traits such as yield versus marbling (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ritchie </ins>et al., 1999). Where feed resources may be limiting, a higher percentage British breed composite may excel, but where feed is not a limiting factor, a higher percentage Continental composite may fit (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ritchie </ins>et al., 1999). Examples of composite lines of cattle of British:Continental breeding include SimAngus, MARC II, Stabilizer, and Balancer. Breed associations with performance programs, including EPDs, exist for many composite breeds. The future is bright for composites in the genetic prediction arena with new advances in genome technology.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Retained Heterosis'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Retained Heterosis'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main advantage to composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two breed composite, 50% versus eight breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n = # of breeds used]. Thus, a four breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis (4<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/(3</del>-1) = .75 or 75%<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to effective population size when the composite was created. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main advantage to composite breeding is retained heterosis (hybrid vigor). The more breeds in the composite then the more retained heterosis possible (two breed composite, 50% versus eight breed composite, 87.5%; Table 1; Gregory et al., 1993). Assuming equal breed contribution, the percent retained heterosis is a simple function of the number of breeds in the composite [(n-1)/n, where n = # of breeds used]. Thus, a four breed composite has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>(4-1)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/4 </ins>= .75 or 75%<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>breed composite translates to an estimated 17.5% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed. Retained heterosis can only be realized by avoiding inbreeding. This relates back to effective population size when the composite was created. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''References'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''References'''</div></td></tr>
</table>Mnielsenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1448&oldid=prevMnielsen at 12:53, 31 October 20192019-10-31T12:53:01Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:53, 31 October 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l4" >Line 4:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 4:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Establishment'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Establishment'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Planning the composite breeding takes time. Selection of the appropriate breeds is the critical step. Composite breeding takes advantage of breed complementarity, managing genetic antagonisms while taking advantage of retained heterosis. Environmental resources and market specifications require consideration in the development of composite breeding (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Richie </del>et al., 1999). The development of a composite breed requires a large female foundation (500 or more females) and 25 or more sires per generation to establish an effective population size once the composite stabilizes (three generations of inter se mating, within closed population mating). Effective population size is paramount to avoid the loss of heterosis in future generations due to inbreeding. Composite breeding will fail without careful selection of breed types but also sires and replacement heifers within subsequent inter se matings. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Planning the composite breeding takes time. Selection of the appropriate breeds is the critical step. Composite breeding takes advantage of breed complementarity, managing genetic antagonisms while taking advantage of retained heterosis. Environmental resources and market specifications require consideration in the development of composite breeding (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ritchie </ins>et al., 1999). The development of a composite breed requires a large female foundation (500 or more females) and 25 or more sires per generation to establish an effective population size once the composite stabilizes (three generations of inter se mating, within closed population mating). Effective population size is paramount to avoid the loss of heterosis in future generations due to inbreeding. Composite breeding will fail without careful selection of breed types but also sires and replacement heifers within subsequent inter se matings. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many of the first composite breeds developed were British cattle crossed with Brahman (Bos indicus) breeding to match subtropical production environments. Examples include Beefmaster, Brangus, Braford, Charbray, and Santa Gertrudis to name a few. Other composite lines of cattle have focused on British cattle crossed with Continental breeds to address genetic antagonisms for carcass traits such as yield versus marbling (Richie et al., 1999). Where feed resources may be limiting, a higher percentage British breed composite may excel, but where feed is not a limiting factor, a higher percentage Continental composite may fit (Richie et al., 1999). Examples of composite lines of cattle of British:Continental breeding include SimAngus, MARC II, Stabilizer, and Balancer. Breed associations with performance programs, including EPDs, exist for many composite breeds. The future is bright for composites in the genetic prediction arena with new advances in genome technology.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many of the first composite breeds developed were British cattle crossed with Brahman (Bos indicus) breeding to match subtropical production environments. Examples include Beefmaster, Brangus, Braford, Charbray, and Santa Gertrudis to name a few. Other composite lines of cattle have focused on British cattle crossed with Continental breeds to address genetic antagonisms for carcass traits such as yield versus marbling (Richie et al., 1999). Where feed resources may be limiting, a higher percentage British breed composite may excel, but where feed is not a limiting factor, a higher percentage Continental composite may fit (Richie et al., 1999). Examples of composite lines of cattle of British:Continental breeding include SimAngus, MARC II, Stabilizer, and Balancer. Breed associations with performance programs, including EPDs, exist for many composite breeds. The future is bright for composites in the genetic prediction arena with new advances in genome technology.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Mnielsenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1447&oldid=prevMnielsen at 12:52, 31 October 20192019-10-31T12:52:13Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:52, 31 October 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation (Richie et al., 1999). Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Richie </del>et al, 1999). Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation (Richie et al., 1999). Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ritchie </ins>et al, 1999). Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Mnielsenhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1173&oldid=prevDbullock at 18:27, 14 August 20192019-08-14T18:27:40Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:27, 14 August 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Composite Breeding'''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation (Richie et al., 1999). Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit (Richie et al, 1999). Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation (Richie et al., 1999). Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit (Richie et al, 1999). Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td></tr>
</table>Dbullockhttp://guidelines.beefimprovement.org/index.php?title=Composite_Breeding&diff=1053&oldid=prevDbullock at 19:35, 10 June 20192019-06-10T19:35:29Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:35, 10 June 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Composite Breeding'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Composite Breeding'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation (Richie et al., 1999). Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit (Richie et al, 1999). Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite, synthetic, and hybrid are used interchangeably to represent cattle with multiple breed genetic makeup, packaging desirable traits of two or more breeds into one breed type. Composite breeding by definition is cattle of two or more breeds designed to retain heterosis (hybrid vigor) without further crossbreeding and managed as a purebred population. Advantages associated with the use of composite breeding include simplicity, retained heterosis (avoid inbreeding), breed complementarity matched to environmental resources and marketing specifications, management of genetic antagonisms, uniformity from generation to generation, and minimal or no difference in variation in quantitative traits compared to contributing purebred generation (Richie et al., 1999). Disadvantages include potential loss of retained heterosis if inbreeding is not avoided, availability of performance-tested composite bulls (this is changing with developments in computing and molecular technologies) matching environmental resources and marketing specifications, and poor composite development, lacking foresight in industry direction and environmental fit (Richie et al, 1999). Composite breeding exploits breed differences, making use of breed complementarity while balancing genetic antagonisms and management/environmental resources. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Composite breeding is crossbreeding made simple. For commercial cow-calf producers using single sire breeding pastures, the use of a composite bull adds pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed without adding complicated pasture management. Composite bull selection is like choosing any other bull to breed to the cow herd. The primary challenge is finding the performance-tested composite bull that fits the producer’s natural and marketing environments, meeting specific cow herd needs.</div></td></tr>
</table>Dbullock