Selection and Mating

Selection and mating systems are the foundation for genetic improvement. Selection allows breeders to positively alter genotypes, with an additive mode of inheritance, that influence a trait and mating systems lets breeders take advantage of heterosis and breed complementarity. Before deciding on a selection and mating scheme it is first important to set goals for your operation, often called Breeding Objectives. Determining breeding objectives should start with assessing your management, resources and market opportunities (Chapter3 Assessing Management Resources and Marketing). Well developed breeding objectives should be the focal point of determining your mating scheme, traits that should be selected for, and magnitude and direction of selection pressure to be placed on those traits.

Breeding objectives are goals for specific traits that can be influenced through selection. Breeding objectives are unique to a beef operation and can change over time if needed. A breeding object may be to increase, decrease or remain the same for specific traits within the suite of traits important to the operation. When determining breeding objectives it is important to take other factors into consideration such as marketing plans, management level, replacement strategies and environmental conditions. Breeding objectives should focus on Economically Relevant Traits, however, traits of convenience, aesthetics or improved quality of life can be included. If improved profitability of the operation is the primary breeding objective then a well-structured economic selection index may be the best selection tool option.

In commercial cattle production, when calves will be marketed and the replacement strategy of the herd are important factors in determining breeding objectives. Marketing endpoint will influence the growth trait that should be selected for. For example, if calves will be sold at weaning then the Weaning Direct EPD will be the most appropriate selection tool for growth, but if retaining ownership and selling on the rail, then the [| Carcass Weight EPD] would be the proper growth selection tool. Replacement strategy will determine if maternal traits should be included in your breeding objectives or not. If daughters of a bull will be kept as replacements then maternal EPD will need to be considered. For example, Calving Ease Maternal EPD can be used to decrease calving difficulty in future retained heifers. The level of Weaning Weight#Genetic_Evaluation | milk ]] necessary in replacement females would also need to be considered in relation to management practices and the availability and quality of nutrients

When considering selection and mating decisions it is essential to understand the genetic mechanisms of the traits under consideration. For example, many important traits are monogenic traits - traits influenced by only a single gene locus. Monogenic traits include traits such as coat color and many genetic defects. Other traits are influenced by many genes, such as those for which EPDs are computed, and they are called polygenic traits.

Mating Mating schemes are dependent on the type of operation (seedstock or commercial) and the level of heterosis that is desired. Breed selection is another factor in setting up a mating scheme. Options include pure/straight breeding, crossbreeding and composite breeding, each having advantages and disadvantages depending on the factors previously mentioned.

Finally, selection at its foundation depends on the accurate identification of bulls and/or semen, replacement females, and cows to cull.

UNDER CONSTRUCTION