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let Dt-1 be recording date 1 let Wt-1 be recorded weight at date 1

| Dec. or Jan. 1 | June 1

\mathbf{Z}'\mathbf{X}&\mathbf{Z}'\mathbf{Z}+\mathbf{K}^{-1}\lambda \mathbf{X}'\mathbf{R}^{-1}\mathbf{X}&\mathbf{X}'\mathbf{R}^{-1}\mathbf{Z}\\

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...ition and energy reserves of beef cows. The BCS scale ranges from 1-9 with 1 being emaciated and 9 being obese. Cows that calve in a BCS of 5 or greate ...ps://doi.org/10.17226/19014 </ref> . For example, a mature cow that weighs 1,200 pounds with a BCS of 5 should require 85 pounds of weight gain to achie

Accuracy_{BIF}=1-\sqrt{\frac{Prediction\,Error\,Variance}{Additive\,Genetic\,Variance}} r_{EBV,BV}=\sqrt{1-\frac{Prediction\,Error\,Variance}{Additive\,Genetic\,Variance}}

PC={t}\frac{(1-a_{BIF})\sigma_{u}}{2} ...ons publish possible change values as one EPD standard prediction error (t=1). One standard prediction error means the true value should fall within the

...of [[Best Linear Unbiased Prediction]] and the slope of the regression is 1 (no over or under dispersion). ...if they are not, then the expectation of the regression coefficient being 1 no longer holds.

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Binary observations for PG30 of 0 or 1 ...calve as a three-year-old, she is assigned a successful PG30 observation (1). If a female with a successful HPG observation fails to

Hair shedding scores are based on a 1 to 5 scale with a score of 1 being completely shed or having a slick appearance and a score of 5 having [[File: Wiki Hair Shedding Score Image 1.jpg|800px]]

A_{11}+A_{12}A_{22}^{-1}(G-A_{22})A_{22}^{-1}A_{21} & A_{12}A_{22}^{-1}G \\ GA_{22}^{-1}A_{21} & G

| style="text-align: center;" | 1 ...alved without assistance even if the calving was not observed. A score of 1 should be reported for these. All calvings should receive a score even if

'''Figure 1. Mating combinations possible with an autosomal recessive genetic condition ...ly 523 total traits and disorders listed for cattle at this website. Table 1 lists the genetic conditions that are currently being monitored by U.S. bre

...assigned a RTS of 2 are thought to be closer to puberty than those scoring 1, primarily due to larger uterine horns and ovaries. Those heifers assigned Table 1. Reproductive tract scores <ref> Anderson, K. J., D. G. LeFever, J. S. Brin

...digree and molecular information. Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE, 46(1), 13. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-46-13.</ref><ref>McManus, C., do Prado Paim, T.

...site has the potential to retain 75% of the maximum possible heterosis [(4-1)/4 = .75 or 75%]. Assuming equal breed contribution, using a four-breed co

<center><math>H=a_{1}G_{1}+a_{2}G_{2}+...+a_{m}G_{m}</math></center> <center><math>I=b_{1}x_{1}+b_{2}x_{2}+...+b_{n}x_{n}</math></center>

...le," Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 4: Iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7533</ref> ...tralia.com.au/content/uploads/2016/11/CI_Yearlings-4.pdf (Accessed October 1, 2019)</ref><ref>American Angus Association. 2018. Foot Score Guidelines. h

...d, all offspring will be heterozygotes (Bb). The Punnett Square in Figure 1 illustrates this mating. Cow gametes are egg cells, and bull gametes are sp '''Figure 1. Punnett Square for coat color when mating a homozygous black bull to homoz

...ld be avoided. Instead, it is recommended that heifers be actively cycling 1 to 3 months prior to exposure to bulls for breeding <ref> Byerley, D.J., R.

| style="font-weight:bold; color:#680100;" | 1 ...J. O. Sanders, R. E. Knutson, and D. K. Lunt. 2001. Comparison of F₁ ''Bos indicus'' × Hereford cows in central Texas: II. Udder, mouth,

Observations of stayability are binary, either success (1) or failure (0). An observation should be assigned to all females who are There is no adjustment to the binary (0,1) stayability observations.

...ters I, O, Q and V are not used to avoid confusion with numbers and letter 1, 0, and U.

| 1 | 42.1

1 – Born alive, died before weaning – disease

...subjectively by visual appraisal using a six point categorical scale from 1 = slow to 6 = very fast. In using electronic equipment the first timing tri scale from 1 to 5 as follows:

'''By-Law 1''' Sec.1. '''Name'''. The name of the Federation shall be Beef Improvement Federati

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...in true breeding values due to relationships. This value ranges from 0 to 1, with larger values indicating increased connectedness. which is also bounded between 0 and 1, with larger values indicating increased connectedness. Where animals are i

...enetic evaluation of embryo transfer progeny. J Anim Breed Genet. 2015;132(1):21‐29. doi:10.1111/jbg.12121.</ref><ref>Thallman, R. M. 1988. Prediction ...opment, quality, and transfer of embryos. Theriogenology. Volume 64, Issue 1, Pages 123-134. ISSN 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.20

1. '''''Number of cows exposed.''''' This is the number of cows exposed to ei ...im. Scientist 25(5):517-528. [https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30753-1] </ref>. Also, records necessary to compute the estimates have not been ava

* Risk (1%) * Pen rider for rail/death (1%)

...s then connected to a transducer via 3-way stopcocks after approximately 1-1.5 feet of the catheter has been passed into the jugular vein. The transduce ...t has been shown that the PAP measurement generally increases 1-2 mmHg per 1,000 feet rise in elevation. For simple guidelines to the rancher and veter

...ss traits in yearling bulls. In: Cattlemen’s Day. 2001. Manhattan, KS. Pp. 1-3.</ref><ref name="Garmyn et al., 2007"> Garmyn, A.J., D. W. Moser, R.A Chr

Founded on February 1, 1968, the [https://beefimprovement.org Beef Improvement Federation] (BIF)

.... Bailey. 2009. Predicting bull fertility. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 1-3.</ref>. Currently, BSE records are typically used to identify the capabil

...fication designator for each animal. From left to right, the first three (1-3) characters contain a designator of the animal's original "breed" organiz

...cient for obtaining a high-quality observation of daily feed intake (Table 1). While shorter test periods result in less precise measures of [[Gain | av Table 1. Average correlation and regression coefficients between standard (70-day)

...ogenous or “transgenic” DNA and is a genetically engineered animal (Figure 1). '''Figure 1.''' Nuclease-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired by nonhomo

...| feed test]], a longer feeding period is necessary for a gain test (Table 1). While shorter test periods result in less precise measures of average dai Table 1. Average correlation and regression coefficients between standard (70-day)

|1.0 – 1.9 ...ggest that the carcass was in the middle of “A” maturity, while a score of 1.9 would be appropriate for a carcass at the upper end of “A” maturity b

Total\,Maternal\,Weaning\,EPD\,=\,\frac{1}{2}Weaning\,Direct\,EPD\,+\,Milk\,EPD

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...ue selection to increase 98-day body weight in tilapia. Aquaculture. 212(1-4):93-113.</ref><ref>Kuhlers, DL and BW Kennedy. 1992. Effect of culling

...ation should be given to an inventory-based fee assessment system because: 1) it removes all financial disincentives to submitting complete production a

Accuracy_{BIF}=1-\sqrt{1-r_{EBV,BV}^{2}} <center><math>r_{EBV,BV}=\sqrt{1-\left(1-Accuracy_{BIF}\right)^{2}}

...O., and Cartwright, T.C. 1979a. A general cattle production systems model. 1. Structure of the model. Agric. Syst. 4:217–227.

...3. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2013-6967 </ref> Pelvic measurements (Figure 1) can be obtained with a Rice Pelvimeter (Lane Manufacturing, Denver, CO), t